Global Solid-State Battery Technology Development in 2025

While lithium-ion batteries currently dominate the electric vehicle (EV) and energy storage markets, solid-state batteries (SSBs) are highly anticipated for their superior safety—utilizing non-flammable solid electrolytes—and higher energy density. However, breakthroughs in manufacturing costs and mass-production yields remain necessary. Consequently, major industry players are aggressively investing R&D resources, positioning themselves to seize the lead in the race for commercialization.

1. Toyota

Automotive giant Toyota views solid-state batteries as the core technology for its next-generation battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and has transitioned its focus from the laboratory to the production line. The company expects to mass-produce its first SSB-equipped model between 2027 and 2028. Their technical targets are clear: a range of approximately 1,000 km and a fast-charging capability of 10% to 80% within 10 minutes.

To ensure production stability and cost control, Toyota established a deep strategic alliance with Idemitsu, a major petroleum company, to co-build mass-production facilities for sulfide solid electrolytes. Through this vertical integration—from key materials to vehicle application—Toyota aims to secure technical autonomy and supply stability.

2. QuantumScape

QuantumScape’s pioneering "anode-free" lithium-metal battery design is regarded as a key technology for overcoming SSB bottlenecks. In 2025, the company introduced sample cells featuring an energy density of 800 Wh/L and a 15-minute fast-charge (10–80%). Their expanded partnership and licensing agreement with Volkswagen’s PowerCo signifies that the technology has moved into the practical validation phase. For QuantumScape, delivering these samples marks a critical milestone in transitioning from lab testing to real-world vehicle trials.

3. Solid Power

Solid Power focuses on sulfide-based solid electrolyte materials and continued to deepen its Joint Development Agreements (JDA) with BMW and Ford through 2024–2025. Notably, BMW plans to replicate Solid Power’s pilot production line at its German facility to drive collaborative R&D. Furthermore, in January 2025, Solid Power received a $50 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to expand continuous production capacity, underscoring the U.S. government’s view of SSBs as vital to national energy security.

4. Samsung SDI

At the InterBattery 2024 exhibition, Samsung announced its roadmap to achieve mass production of all-solid-state batteries (ASSB) by 2027. The company has established a pilot production line in Suwon, South Korea, and began prototype production in 2023. Samsung aims for a high energy density of 900 Wh/L and an ultra-fast charge (8–80%) in just 9 minutes.

5. Ilika

British firm Ilika employs a unique dual-track strategy: developing Stereax (micro-solid-state batteries for medical implants and IoT) and Goliath (large-format batteries for EVs). The micro-battery market provides stable cash flow and technical validation, allowing Ilika to pursue the high-risk, capital-intensive Goliath project. They are currently collaborating with Agratas (a Tata Sons company) to accelerate commercialization.

6. ProLogium (輝能科技)

Taiwanese manufacturer ProLogium showcased its fourth-generation all-inorganic electrolyte battery at CES 2025, with mass production expected by the end of the year. Their next-generation Lithium Ceramic Battery (LCB) has been certified by TÜV Rheinland, achieving energy densities of 359.2 Wh/kg and 811.6 Wh/L, while demonstrating exceptional safety during rigorous overcharge testing.

7. Factorial Energy

Recognizing the cost barriers of full solid-state production, semi-solid-state batteries have emerged as a pragmatic transition. Factorial Energy’s semi-solid batteries can be manufactured using existing lithium-ion production lines, significantly reducing transition costs. In April 2025, they and Stellantis announced the validation of an automotive-grade cell with 375 Wh/kg density and an 18-minute fast-charge (15–90%).

8. CATL

CATL, the world’s largest battery manufacturer, has surged its R&D investment, forming a team of over 1,000 specialists. CATL has begun pilot production of 20 Ah prototypes and is focusing on the sulfide technology route, with small-scale mass production slated for 2027.

Conclusion

The development of solid-state batteries has shifted from laboratory exploration to commercial validation. In the short term, SSBs will likely cater to niche markets such as high-end EVs and specialized industrial equipment. However, as production yields improve and fast-charging tech matures, large-scale application is on the horizon. Notably, semi-solid-state batteries will play a crucial role in this transition, offering a more practical and feasible evolutionary path for the industry.